New World Smelting is the process of refining the Ore you previously obtained by Mining into the Ingots. To refine you need to enter the Smelter in your Settlement. The higher-level the Ore you want to refine the higher Tier Smether you should look for. 

From the start, you will only be able to mine Iron, but with your level of development, you will access other resources. The advice we can give you is stay near the Settlements where you have the option to drop the storage when your carry capacity will be overstretched. So you can constantly pick the ore and store it without any problem. 

The other thing is to find a free rotation as the ore of any kind is a popular trophy and many players seek to pick it. Don’t spend your time fighting with players but rather occupy a free rotation and return there once the fulfillment occurs.

Your Mining speed hugely depends on the tools you use, so make sure you upgrade them. The other option is to pick the increasing mining speed bonus from your Territory Standing rewards. 

You can always skip mining and go to the Trading Post to buy the Ore you currently need but it can be quite an expensive hobby. 

Charcoal can be derived from trees. Green-Wood and Aged Wood both result in 1 Charcoal.

Asmodeum and Void Ore require a lot of luck when concerning resources and will be very hard and time extending to obtain.